{
  "schema": "21cee-supreme-court-catalog-v1",
  "reviewed_at": "2026-10-29T00:59:06.941145+00:00",
  "coverage": "Selected, maintained source catalog; not an exhaustive or latest polling, article or position feed.",
  "automatic_refresh": false,
  "engine_input": false,
  "current_authorized_seats": 9,
  "proposed_total_seats": 13,
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "scotus-faq",
      "publisher": "Supreme Court of the United States",
      "title": "General information FAQ",
      "date": null,
      "url": "https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/faq_general.aspx",
      "kind": "official_explanation"
    },
    {
      "id": "appeals-structure",
      "publisher": "Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts",
      "title": "About the U.S. Courts of Appeals",
      "date": null,
      "url": "https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/court-role-and-structure/about-us-courts-appeals",
      "kind": "official_explanation"
    },
    {
      "id": "fjc-history",
      "publisher": "Federal Judicial Center",
      "title": "The Supreme Court and the Federal Judiciary",
      "date": null,
      "url": "https://www.fjc.gov/history/courts/supreme-court-united-states-and-federal-judiciary",
      "kind": "official_history"
    },
    {
      "id": "hr3422-2023",
      "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office",
      "title": "H.R. 3422, Judiciary Act of 2023 · introduced text",
      "date": "2023-05-17",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-118hr3422ih/html/BILLS-118hr3422ih.htm",
      "kind": "archival_legislation"
    },
    {
      "id": "s1616-2023",
      "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office",
      "title": "S. 1616, Judiciary Act of 2023 · introduced text",
      "date": "2023-05-16",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/BILLS-118s1616is/html/BILLS-118s1616is.htm",
      "kind": "archival_legislation"
    },
    {
      "id": "npi-wa-2022",
      "publisher": "Northwest Progressive Institute",
      "title": "Washington Supreme Court expansion poll release",
      "date": "2022-03-09",
      "url": "https://www.nwprogressive.org/weblog/2022/03/a-majority-of-washington-state-voters-favor-expanding-the-size-of-the-u-s-supreme-court.html",
      "kind": "original_sponsor_poll_release"
    },
    {
      "id": "yougov-2025",
      "publisher": "YouGov",
      "title": "The Supreme Court · original results",
      "date": null,
      "url": "https://d3nkl3psvxxpe9.cloudfront.net/documents/The_Supreme_Court_poll_results.pdf",
      "kind": "original_poll_results"
    },
    {
      "id": "marquette-2026",
      "publisher": "Marquette Law School Poll",
      "title": "May 20–26, 2026 · original toplines",
      "date": "2026-06-04",
      "url": "https://law.marquette.edu/assets/community/poll/MLSPSC32/MLSPSC32Toplines.html",
      "kind": "original_poll_results"
    },
    {
      "id": "pbs-maine-debate",
      "publisher": "Maine PBS",
      "title": "U.S. Senate debate · original video and transcript",
      "date": "2026-10-15",
      "url": "https://www.pbs.org/video/us-senate-debate-61dc0o/",
      "kind": "original_candidate_debate"
    },
    {
      "id": "clerk-roll293",
      "publisher": "Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives",
      "title": "Roll call 293 · H.J.Res. 1",
      "date": "2026-09-02",
      "url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Votes/2026293",
      "kind": "official_roll_call"
    },
    {
      "id": "markey-2023",
      "publisher": "Office of Senator Edward J. Markey",
      "title": "Announcement of legislation to expand the Supreme Court",
      "date": "2023-05-16",
      "url": "https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/05/16/2023/sen-markey-rep-johnson-announce-legislation-to-expand-supreme-court-restore-its-legitimacy-alongside-sen-smith-reps-bush-and-schiff",
      "kind": "original_officeholder_statement"
    },
    {
      "id": "commission-2021",
      "publisher": "Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court",
      "title": "Final report · Chapter 2: Court expansion",
      "date": "2021-12-08",
      "url": "https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/SCOTUS-Report-Final-12.8.21-1.pdf",
      "kind": "official_analysis"
    },
    {
      "id": "demand-justice-2026",
      "publisher": "Demand Justice",
      "title": "Vote alert on proposal to freeze the Court",
      "date": "2026-09-01",
      "url": "https://demandjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/Vote-Alert-on-Proposal-to-Freeze-the-Court.pdf",
      "kind": "advocacy"
    },
    {
      "id": "cato-2026",
      "publisher": "Cato Institute",
      "title": "Stopping the Snowball of Supreme Court Expansion",
      "date": "2026-09-09",
      "url": "https://www.cato.org/blog/stopping-snowball-supreme-court-expansion",
      "kind": "opinion"
    }
  ],
  "polls": [
    {
      "id": "npi-ppp-wa-2022",
      "scope": "thirteen",
      "pollster": "Public Policy Polling",
      "sponsor": "Northwest Progressive Institute · progressive advocacy organization",
      "field_start": "2022-02-17",
      "field_end": "2022-02-18",
      "published": "2022-03-09",
      "geography": "Washington State",
      "population": "Likely 2022 voters",
      "sample_n": 700,
      "item_unweighted_n": null,
      "method": "Half automated landline interviews; half text-message responses from cellphone-only respondents.",
      "moe_pp": 3.7,
      "question_excerpt": "expand the size of the United States Supreme Court from nine members to thirteen members",
      "question_location": "Full question and answers in the original release",
      "question_excerpt_is_full": false,
      "framing": "The prompt begins with a claim about congressional constitutional authority and gives a favorable diversity-and-representation rationale.",
      "source_id": "npi-wa-2022",
      "results": {
        "support": 50,
        "oppose": 41,
        "unsure": 8
      },
      "detailed_results": null,
      "note": "State-level, advocacy-sponsored, dated observation. Rounded categories sum to 99%; the remainder is not assigned. Rounded 50% does not establish a strict majority."
    },
    {
      "id": "yougov-us-2025",
      "scope": "general",
      "pollster": "YouGov",
      "sponsor": null,
      "field_start": "2025-06-30",
      "field_end": "2025-07-02",
      "published": null,
      "geography": "United States",
      "population": "U.S. adult citizens",
      "sample_n": 1043,
      "item_unweighted_n": 1041,
      "method": "Web interviews using YouGov’s opt-in panel, weighted to the target population.",
      "moe_pp": 4.3,
      "question_excerpt": "Would you support or oppose the following? Expanding the size of the Supreme Court",
      "question_location": "Q8F · physical PDF page 27; methods page 42",
      "question_excerpt_is_full": true,
      "framing": "The item proposes expansion without specifying a number of seats.",
      "source_id": "yougov-2025",
      "results": {
        "support": 32,
        "oppose": 46,
        "unsure": 22
      },
      "detailed_results": {
        "strong_support": 14,
        "some_support": 18,
        "some_opposition": 16,
        "strong_opposition": 30,
        "not_sure": 22
      },
      "note": "Support is 14 + 18; opposition is 16 + 30. The question denominator differs from the full sample. No publication date is stated in this PDF."
    },
    {
      "id": "marquette-us-2026",
      "scope": "general",
      "pollster": "Marquette Law School Poll / SSRS",
      "sponsor": null,
      "field_start": "2026-05-20",
      "field_end": "2026-05-26",
      "published": "2026-06-04",
      "geography": "United States · fifty states",
      "population": "Adults aged 18 and older",
      "sample_n": 1001,
      "item_unweighted_n": null,
      "method": "English-language web interviews using the probability-based SSRS Opinion Panel; weighted results.",
      "moe_pp": 3.4,
      "question_excerpt": "Increase the number of justices on the U.S. Supreme Court",
      "question_location": "C2c · instrument physical PDF page 5; Increase # justices topline section",
      "question_excerpt_is_full": false,
      "question_instrument_url": "https://law.marquette.edu/assets/community/poll/MLSPSC32/MLSPSC32Instrument.pdf",
      "methodology_url": "https://law.marquette.edu/assets/community/poll/MLSPSC32/MLSPSC32Methodology.pdf",
      "framing": "Expansion and fixed-term item order was randomized. No seat count is specified.",
      "source_id": "marquette-2026",
      "results": {
        "support": 50,
        "oppose": 50,
        "unsure": null
      },
      "detailed_results": {
        "strong_support": 17,
        "some_support": 33,
        "some_opposition": 27,
        "strong_opposition": 23
      },
      "note": "No explicit unsure option is listed; an unsure percentage is unavailable, not measured zero. Support is 17 + 33; opposition is 27 + 23."
    }
  ],
  "positions": [
    {
      "id": "troy-jackson",
      "name": "Troy Jackson",
      "party": "D",
      "state": "ME",
      "office": "U.S. Senate candidate",
      "source_role": "Candidate in the Maine Senate debate",
      "race_id": "SENATE-ME",
      "date": "2026-10-15",
      "kind": "candidate_statement",
      "topic": "General expansion",
      "stance": "Open to expansion",
      "thirteen_position": "not_verified",
      "quote": "I'm not against putting more people on the court",
      "summary": "Expressed openness to adding justices. This answer does not establish a commitment to thirteen seats.",
      "source_id": "pbs-maine-debate",
      "source_location": "Debate transcript · Supreme Court question and answers",
      "photo": {
        "path": "assets/candidates/troy-jackson.jpg",
        "sha256": "9fa52912332edb98a05cb8cf7742525240bf9fe5c2f6b78055f0bd8a9065729c",
        "attribution": "ArenLeBrun",
        "license": "CC0",
        "source_page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Troy_Jackson_in_the_Senate_Chamber_(cropped).jpg"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "susan-collins",
      "name": "Susan Collins",
      "party": "R",
      "state": "ME",
      "office": "U.S. senator / Senate candidate",
      "source_role": "Candidate in the Maine Senate debate",
      "race_id": "SENATE-ME",
      "date": "2026-10-15",
      "kind": "candidate_statement",
      "topic": "General expansion",
      "stance": "Opposes expansion",
      "thirteen_position": "not_verified",
      "quote": "That would make it a totally political body.",
      "summary": "Opposed the expansion proposal discussed in the debate as political court-packing. No particular thirteen-seat bill was addressed.",
      "source_id": "pbs-maine-debate",
      "source_location": "Debate transcript · Supreme Court question and answers",
      "photo": {
        "path": "assets/candidates/susan-collins.jpg",
        "sha256": "126d961de9d9dbc467e6f024c514a27a2420f83ecf566c2dfca23728be2dcb79",
        "attribution": "Mikaela McGee / U.S. Department of Homeland Security; cropped derivative via Wikimedia Commons",
        "license": "Public domain (U.S. Department of Homeland Security official photograph)",
        "source_page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Susan_Collins_During_Senate_Appropriation_Homeland_Security_Subcommittee_Hearing_8_May_2025.jpg"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "andy-biggs",
      "name": "Andy Biggs",
      "party": "R",
      "state": "AZ",
      "office": "Arizona governor candidate in the site’s issued watchlist",
      "source_role": "U.S. representative, AZ-05, when casting this vote",
      "race_id": "GOVERNOR-AZ",
      "date": "2026-09-02",
      "kind": "legislative_vote",
      "topic": "Constitutional nine-seat cap",
      "stance": "Yea on the nine-seat cap",
      "thirteen_position": "not_verified",
      "quote": null,
      "summary": "Voted Yea on H.J.Res. 1. This records a legislative vote, not a campaign quotation or a separately verified thirteen-seat statement.",
      "source_id": "clerk-roll293",
      "source_location": "Individual member vote · Biggs",
      "photo": {
        "path": "assets/candidates/andy-biggs.jpg",
        "sha256": "cb73e13f52d964c141787d282227e9d1cae17a3516a43c9a5a9169c3144412fc",
        "attribution": "U.S. House of Representatives / Office of the Clerk",
        "license": "Public domain (official U.S. Congress portrait)",
        "source_page_url": "https://clerk.house.gov/members/B001302"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "don-davis",
      "name": "Don Davis",
      "party": "D",
      "state": "NC",
      "office": "U.S. representative / House candidate, NC-01",
      "source_role": "U.S. representative, NC-01, when casting this vote",
      "race_id": "HOUSE-NC-01",
      "date": "2026-09-02",
      "kind": "legislative_vote",
      "topic": "Constitutional nine-seat cap",
      "stance": "Yea on the nine-seat cap",
      "thirteen_position": "not_verified",
      "quote": null,
      "summary": "Voted Yea on H.J.Res. 1. A vote about a nine-seat constitutional cap is preserved as that action, rather than relabeled as a campaign statement.",
      "source_id": "clerk-roll293",
      "source_location": "Individual member vote · Davis (NC)",
      "photo": {
        "path": "assets/candidates/don-davis.jpg",
        "sha256": "3a45839c29bfba8af452a99c28576ee298a5c643b711979b932bcced9b3e737f",
        "attribution": "U.S. House of Representatives / Office of the Clerk",
        "license": "Public domain (official U.S. Congress portrait)",
        "source_page_url": "https://clerk.house.gov/Members/D000230"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ed-markey",
      "name": "Ed Markey",
      "party": "D",
      "state": "MA",
      "office": "U.S. senator · officeholder context",
      "source_role": "Historical legislative sponsor; outside the site’s 50 watched races",
      "race_id": null,
      "date": "2023-05-16",
      "kind": "officeholder_statement",
      "topic": "Specifically thirteen seats",
      "stance": "Supports thirteen-seat legislation",
      "thirteen_position": "support",
      "quote": null,
      "summary": "Announced legislation adding four Supreme Court seats. This is a dated legislative position, not a newly verified 2026 campaign statement.",
      "source_id": "markey-2023",
      "source_location": "Official announcement of the Judiciary Act of 2023",
      "photo": null
    }
  ],
  "facts": [
    {
      "text": "Congress sets the Supreme Court’s size. The statutory nine-seat arrangement dates to 1869.",
      "source_ids": [
        "scotus-faq"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The federal system has 94 district courts, 12 regional appellate circuits and a specialized nationwide Federal Circuit: thirteen courts of appeals.",
      "source_ids": [
        "appeals-structure"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "Court size sometimes followed circuit organization in the nineteenth century. The nine-seat arrangement in 1869 corresponded to nine circuits at that time.",
      "source_ids": [
        "fjc-history"
      ]
    },
    {
      "text": "The Constitution does not fix the number of justices or establish a permanent one-justice-per-circuit formula. Today a justice may handle matters from more than one circuit.",
      "source_ids": [
        "scotus-faq",
        "fjc-history"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "legislation": {
    "label": "Judiciary Act of 2023 · archival proposal",
    "source_ids": [
      "hr3422-2023",
      "s1616-2023"
    ],
    "summary": "The introduced 118th-Congress bills proposed one Chief Justice and twelve associate justices. These records do not establish a currently pending 119th-Congress bill."
  },
  "articles": [
    {
      "id": "commission-analysis",
      "source_id": "commission-2021",
      "label": "Official analysis",
      "author": "Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court",
      "summary": "Chapter 2 examines arguments for and against expansion. The commission does not take a position on whether expansion is wise.",
      "location": "Chapter 2 · printed pages 67–84"
    },
    {
      "id": "advocacy-cap",
      "source_id": "demand-justice-2026",
      "label": "Advocacy",
      "author": "Demand Justice",
      "summary": "Urges opposition to the constitutional nine-seat cap. This advocacy memo does not establish public opinion or a candidate’s position.",
      "location": "Original vote-alert memo"
    },
    {
      "id": "opinion-against",
      "source_id": "cato-2026",
      "label": "Opinion against expansion",
      "author": "Dan Greenberg",
      "summary": "Argues that expansion risks retaliatory escalation and criticizes the circuit-count rationale. These are the author’s policy judgments.",
      "location": "Original authored article"
    }
  ],
  "position_policy": "Unknown or unreviewed positions remain unverified. Opposition to a nine-seat cap alone does not establish support for thirteen seats.",
  "poll_policy": "General-expansion polls and thirteen-seat questions remain separate. No pooled average or comparable trend is calculated. Sample, population, framing and unsure options remain attached."
}